Political science essays deal with complex issues affecting us all: poverty, wars, politics, environment, inequality, democracy, and others. It basically serves as an analysis, wherein a student analyzes and dissects a particular issue or a conflict.

How to Write a Political Science Essay

Political science essays, like all other categories of essays follow a basic structure:

m>1.    Choosing a topic

This answers the what, who and how of the essay. Who are you addressing (the purpose of the essay)? What are you saying (the content and the structure)? How do you plan on going about it (style of the essay)?

2.    Doing the preliminary research

The depth of research you conduct determines the success of your essay. Keep it concise, relevant, and updated. Likewise, credible sources give an essay more weightage than unreliable ones.

The popular online political science research repositories can be found easily with some Internet browsing.

3.    Planning the Argument

Writing is like jumping into the deep end of the ocean; you would not attempt it unless you have a backup plan chalked out. Similarly, jumping right in a writing assignment is not recommended unless a well-planned outline is prepared. Planning is the most important stage of the process, and will make all the difference in the end result.

4.    Introduction of the essay

This is the implementation stage – where your plans are put to action. Who is your reader? Why should anyone be interested in reading your article? What do you hope to address?

5.    Writing Style

It goes without saying that the rules of grammar, punctuation, tone, correct spellings, avoiding slang (including wasn’t,” “didn’t,” “aren’t,” etc), academic jargon, and the like are the areas you need to focus on if you want to write well. Avoid wordiness – keep it crisp, keep it clear, and keep it direct.

6.    Avoiding Bias and Using Only Acceptable Academic Terminology

Language conveys stereotype, so avoid using discriminatory,  prejudiced and racial speech. For instance, “African American” instead of “black” or “negro,” “homosexual” instead of “gay” “she or he” instead of “him” or “man” (be gender neutral), or “people” instead of “mankind” or “man.” Similarly, replace “chairman” with “chairperson,” policeman” with “police officer,” stewardess” with “flight attendant” and so on.

7.    Supporting material

Give your writing credibility by citing relevant sources. This is also of utmost importance in maintaining academic honesty (plagiarism is a crime!). Every book, article, journal, or any other reference material consulted must be appropriately acknowledged and correctly referenced. Additionally, you must be aware of the various citation styles (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, etc.).

8.    Notes and bibliography

Additional notes that are not required to make the body can be given some “page space” at the end of the essay. The bibliography would arrange alphabetically the list of sources used or cited in the article.

Why Write?

Quite simply: Because your professional life depends on it! College essay preparation allows you to hone those research and writing skills to perform an in-depth analysis of any topic and give life to your thoughts in the form of engaging words. Furthermore, essay preparation enables you to analyze critically, and reach conclusions that would have otherwise been difficult, had you not had the necessary training.

There is no such thing as a “naturally gifted writer.” Good writing is a skill, and like all skills, it requires dexterity and months, if not years of practice. But it is possible! The greats in writing did not achieve fame overnight – never-ending lectures, burnt books, endless editing ensued before they made their mark.

We, at Oxbridge-Researchers will be happy to assist you with all your writing needs – Drop us a line if you would like more information pertaining to a specific writing or research area, helpful pointers or if you would rather we do the hard work for you (and guarantee a great grade!).

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If you ask for the job stream that assures utmost growth professionally, then undoubtedly the answer will be Science Stream. Science stream is an umbrella term referred for all sorts of the subjects linked with the science, research and analysis. Science jobs really acquaint thousands of scopes to make career. Commencing with the medical sector to the food science, science jobs are available in the widest of array. The finest thing is that each and every sector enables one to mold his career in the best of ways.

In country like UK, science stream has emerged as the most promising job sector. At present, majority of UK natives’ first choice for job is going to be the science sector for sure. Countries like UK confer the amplest growth opportunities and better work ambiance for science jobs.

What makes UK the aptest place for Science Jobs?

• Science jobs in UK get simpler due to the modern technologies, equipments and infrastructure available here.
  

   

   

• World’s most illustrious science institutes are sited in UK and that’s why science scholars from all round the globe gather here.
  

   

   

• All the science firms / organizations in UK offer a good pay package to the professionals including the fresher levels. And pound being one of the most powerful currencies in the world, lets you earn additional benefits.
  

   

   

• Also, UK policies are very liberal and friendly for Science Sector!
  

   

   

• Loads of vacancies and job openings in the science sector inspire young generations to enter into the field.

After reading above benefits, you must be curious to know about the highest earning sectors from science stream. Here are some of the most significant streams:

Biology Jobs

Biology sector has been all alone endowing with the maximum science recruitments. Biology stream offers a huge array of jobs. In the recent developments, new genres in the stream have just boosted the biology sector. Molecular biology, environment biology, marine biology and many others have prime sectors gaining popularity. Also, frequent modernizations have enhanced the job securities in the field of biology.

• Professionals from biology field are highly demanded in the Health, agriculture, medicals, pharmaceuticals, chemical industry and so on; list is endless.
  

   

   

• In addition, this sector offers loads of job profiles. Whether be a doctor to a MR; biology sector comprises every individual of the science streams.

Biotechnology Jobs

Biotechnology is the blend of biology and technology; is one of the most prospering sectors. In conjunction with day after day new discoveries and researches, this sector has been victorious in drawing maximal notice of young generation. Also, molecular biology, molecular genetics and many more streams have played major role in popularizing this sector. No wonder, presently maximum students are opting for the biotechnology courses.

• Biotechnology jobs encompasses following industries: Agriculture, Health, Medicine, Engineering, Chemical and many more.
  

   

   

• Qualifications required for Biotechnology Jobs: To be a biotech professional one needs to be graduate in this course. However, different organizations have different criteria of recruitments. Having a masters and PhD degree, sure going to boost your chances of growth in this sector.

Forensic Science Jobs

Forensic Science is one of the most talked about streams in science sectors. Shows like Medical detectives, crime files and others have already shown how forensic science has been the key in solving the most riddling crime scenes. For being so different in work fashion, forensic science can be termed as the most glamorous and challenging streams. However, one can not deny that though being very challenging; forensic science jobs are really high paying. Also, people in this job enjoy a distinct gravity in terms of positions that is somewhat not possible in other streams.

• Forensic Science professional are recruited in the followings: Police, Private research and analysis organizations, judiciary, etc.
  

   

   

• Attributes required for forensic science jobs: Sharp minded, ability to find minutest details, present observations and researches with loads of proof. Since, these professionals’ words play major in solving crime cases; they must be flawless at their skill.

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It is well known that India is a region of the world where clinical research is on the rise. There are many incentives for conducting research in India, including its huge population of treatment-naïve patients and lower cost of conducting trials. It’s estimated that by 2010, the clinical research market in India will reach $500-600 million (1) .

That growth has also brought a tremendous amount of regulatory oversight and safety measures to protect the rights of patients. But that growth has also attracted a tremendous amount of scrutiny and negative media coverage. However, not much information has been publicized regarding Indian patient’s knowledge and understanding of clinical research and their experiences, especially with the Informed Consent process.

Excel Life Sciences has recently conducted a survey of over 500 study participants.  This Excel Life Sciences research brief analyzes the important findings of that study and includes comparisons to a study of U.S. patients conducted by CenterWatch.

Key Findings:

• 56% of patients in India were not aware of clinical research prior to participating in a study
• 97% of patients understood the informed consent form (70% very well, 27% well)
• 97% of patients first found out about the clinical study through a physician, vs just 23% in the United StatesOnly
• 8% of patients in India made the decision to participate on their own, vs 38% in the United States

Method: This research brief is comprised of proprietary data collected from the 2008 Informed Consent survey of Indian study volunteers by Excel Life Sciences and public data from a 2005/2006 U.S. patient survey conducted by CenterWatch and publicized at the 2006 DIA Annual Meeting. Excel Life Sciences collected the survey data through clinical research coordinators supporting studies at active clinical research sites. Data was collected from July 2008 and the survey is ongoing.

Observations and Conclusions:

Better than Expected Understanding

Considering that India is still an nascent market for clinical research, Excel Life Sciences was surprised to find that over 40% of patients had some understanding about clinical research trials prior to participating. Most patients though, lacked more than surface level awareness and understanding. Overall, patients seemed to have a strong understanding of what was required of them in a study and the risks of participating.  In general, the vast majority of patients, some 97%, understood the informed consent document (70% very well, 27% somewhat well). Specifically, patients had a strong understanding of the following:

• 98% understood the number of times that they would have to visit the study site
• 93% understood that the study would carry risks and discomforts

Traditional Health Information Sources Used by Volunteers

The advent and expansion of the Internet, along with the litigious healthcare environment in the United States has caused many patients to pursue a variety of information sources to make educated healthcare decisions. In fact, U.S. surveys have found that more than 60% of volunteers go outside of their managed-care setting to self-refer into clinical trials. The Excel Life Sciences survey has found that there is a much more traditional information system in place in India, where patients still turn to their physicians for information about their health. In total 97% of patients in the Excel Life Sciences survey, first learned about the study through a physician, including primary care (76%) or another physician (21%).

Patients: Decision Support System is Strong

According to survey findings, there is both a cultural and operational support system in place in India assisting patients with making an informed decision:

• Culturally, the role of the family and trust in their primary care physician play a very important part in a patient’s decision to participate. Most patients travel with loved ones to doctor visits and the same is true for their clinical trial visits. Only 8% of volunteers made the decision to participate in the trial by themselves vs. 38% in the United States.
• Operationally, the sites involved in the survey had a dedicated highly trained clinical research coordinator working at the study site, assisting busy physicians with running the trial and helping to answer questions patients or their loved ones have about the study and informed consent form.

When considering this support system in India, it is interesting to note that Excel Life Sciences has found that average study retention rates are in the low to mid 90th percentile. In comparison, the United States and Western Europe historically see an average of 25% of trial volunteers drops out of trials before completion. Higher retention rates allow studies to finish sooner and help reduce study costs and speed the development of new compounds.

Authors:
Dr. Vijai Kumar, President and Chief Medical Officer – Excel Life Sciences,
Dr. Saurendra Das, Executive Director of Operations, India – Excel Life Sciences
Dan McDonald, Vice President-Business Strategy – Excel Life Sciences.

The study was last updated October 2008.

(1) Pricewaterhouse Coopers September 2008 Forecasting Report

About Excel Life Sciences

Headquartered in Chicago, IL with offices in Boston, Raleigh-Durham, Washington DC, Hyderabad, Mumbai, New Delhi and 21 other locations across India, ELS is one of the most experienced and fastest growing trial management and site support organizations in India, offering customized clinical trial solutions including: regulatory consulting, preparations, submissions and query resolution; site identification and selection; patient recruitment and retention; training of all clinical research stakeholders; technology transfer; product licensing and more. 

ELS has one of the most experienced and respected clinical operations teams in India with over 125 years of collective experience in conducting more than 350 global and domestic trials at hundreds of sites and with thousands of patients.  ELS has also trained over 1,500 clinical research personnel in India.  For more information visit: www.excellifesciences.com

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Dan McDonald is Vice President of Business Strategy at Excel Life Sciences. With over 12 years of industry experience working with biopharmaceutical companies to assist them with their global clinical research strategies, patient recruitment and site selection and helping sites connect with sponsors. Prior to joining ELS Dan served as Sr. Vice President of Strategic Development for D. Anderson & Company a leading provider of global patient recruitment and retention services. The majority of Dan’s career in the industry was spent at Thomson CenterWatch, where he worked for nearly 9 years, and the last 3 as the General Manager* of that business. Dan also had organizational responsibility for Thomson NEIRB an independent institutional review board. Dan oversaw strategic planning and all day-to-day operations of the CenterWatch business for Thomson Healthcare and also was in charge of Sales and Marketing for Thomson Clinical Trials Solutions. He also oversaw the development and publication of several articles and strategic planning reports focused on the rapid growth of clinical research in emerging markets, primarily India, Central & Eastern Europe and China.

Mr. McDonald has conducted over 50 presentations at industry conferences and meetings, and he has conducted workshops and sessions on patient recruitment, emerging markets, clinical research in India and more.